I am not what anyone might call a “snake guy.” But the reptiles do hold a certain fascination for me, especially the three venomous species inhabiting the Buckeye State: timber rattlesnake, copperhead, and eastern massasauga.
The largest and rarest of the trio is the timber rattlesnake. A state endangered species, the timber rattler historically lived in every Ohio county, including on the Lake Erie islands. Only four small, remnant populations remain today, located in the southeastern portion of the state. Timber rattlers can grow to a whopping 6 feet in length, though they’re usually closer to 3 feet.
Copperheads, which grow up to 3 feet in length, are the most common venomous snake in Ohio, with populations widely scattered throughout the unglaciated section of the state. Copperheads have the dubious distinction of having bitten more people in the U.S. than any other venomous snake. That’s not because copperheads are unusually aggressive, but simply because they’re among the most common venomous snake species. Fortunately, few deaths have occurred as a result. That said, the last human snakebite fatality encountered in the wild in Ohio happened in 1947. A young woman near Tar Hollow State Park was bitten on the hand by a copperhead and died a few days later.
Timber rattlesnakes like this one are the rarest of Ohio’s three venomous snake varieties.
Another state (and federally) endangered species is the smallest of Ohio’s three venomous snakes, the eastern massasauga rattlesnake, a name derived from the Chippewa Indian language. It’s also known as the swamp rattler or black snapper — the latter moniker giving some idea of the snake’s dark coloration as well as its aggressive striking behavior upon becoming agitated. Massasaugas measure up to 30 inches in length.
Historically recorded in more than 30 counties, the secretive massasauga inhabited the scattered prairies of glaciated Ohio. One of those prairie-remnant habitats today can be found at the extensive Killdeer Plains Wildlife Area in Wyandot County. The Ohio Division of Wildlife conducts annual snake surveys there each May, and I had the good fortune of tagging along last year. (Most people probably wouldn’t consider searching for venomous snakes in waist-high grass “good fortune,” but I’ve never been considered real smart.)
Twenty-seven massasaugas were located by the researchers during the day, a dozen of which were recaptures from earlier in the day or from previous years’ surveys. In addition, we found 36 Kirtland’s snakes, 26 eastern plains garter snakes, and 15 smooth green snakes — all three species are both state endangered and nonvenomous.
“It is difficult to assess the exact population trends of massasaugas at Killdeer Plains, because the population is presumed to be fairly large and recapture rates are so low,” says Eileen Wyza, Ph.D., a biologist with the Division of Wildlife. “However, the Killdeer Plains population appears to at least be stable. Statewide, the trend is much more dire. The remaining populations of massasaugas seem to be in decline or have disappeared entirely during recent years.”
Wyza believes that the threats to massasaugas are primarily habitat-related. Changes in succession — particularly increasing woody growth — constitute one of the largest contributors to the population decline, followed by changes in hydrology. For example, in Ohio, massasaugas rely heavily on terrestrial crayfish burrows for places to both hide and hibernate, and hydrology shifts that affect those crayfish also heavily impact the snakes.
When hiking or climbing in venomous snake country, it’s a good idea to never place your hands or feet anywhere you can’t see them — for instance, over a downed log or up onto a rock ledge. But if you do happen to be bitten by a snake that you believe might be venomous (chances of that are extremely unlikely in the Buckeye State), the best first aid is your vehicle. You should get to a hospital for an antivenin treatment ASAP!
W.H. “Chip” Gross is Ohio Cooperative Living’s outdoors editor. Email him with your outdoors questions at whchipgross@gmail.com. Be sure to include “Ask Chip” in the subject of the email. Your question may be answered on www.ohiocoopliving.com!
